Who's Who in Biophilia - Past and Present

Biophilic design isn't just a trend; it's rooted in decades of research and innovation by some of the most forward-thinking minds in psychology, architecture, and environmental science. Here’s your guide to the pioneers and contemporary figures whose work has shaped the way we incorporate nature into our spaces – enhancing well-being, creativity, and sustainability.

Erich Fromm (1900-1980)

Erich Fromm, a German social psychologist and humanistic philosopher, introduced the term "biophilia" as part of his larger study of human values and well-being. His concept of biophilia extended beyond a love of nature, suggesting an innate tendency in humans to seek life and growth. For Fromm, biophilia was a necessary antidote to the darker, destructive impulses in society, and he often explored it as part of his broader critique of modern culture. His work paved the way for understanding humans’ profound connection to nature, eventually influencing psychologists, designers, and architects in the evolving field of biophilic design.

Edward O. Wilson (1929-2021)

Edward O. Wilson, a pioneering biologist and one of the world’s foremost authorities on biodiversity, is credited with popularising the modern concept of biophilia. Wilson’s fascination with ants and his extensive research into the animal world allowed him to develop groundbreaking theories about the intricate relationships within ecosystems. His book Biophilia (1984) articulated the concept as a deep-seated affinity humans have with nature and living systems, suggesting that this connection is essential to human well-being. Wilson’s biophilia hypothesis argues that an affiliation with the natural world is not just beneficial but essential for human mental and emotional health, a core tenet that resonates throughout biophilic design today.

The Kaplans

Rachel and Stephen Kaplan, environmental psychologists, are celebrated for their development of the Attention Restoration Theory (ART). The Kaplans’ research primarily focused on the psychological benefits of nature, especially how natural settings can restore cognitive function after mental fatigue. Their studies showed that being in nature allows the brain to engage in a soft, involuntary attention, which differs from the directed attention required by urban or high-stress environments. The Kaplans’ ART underscores the critical role of natural elements in built environments, influencing the design of everything from hospitals to offices where mental restoration is a priority.

Stephen R. Kellert (1943-2016)

Stephen R. Kellert, a social ecologist and a Yale professor, was a leading advocate for biophilic design. Kellert’s work expanded Wilson’s biophilia hypothesis by exploring how architecture and design could integrate natural elements to enhance human well-being. He identified different attributes of biophilic design, from natural lighting to organic shapes, which can positively affect people’s productivity, creativity, and health. His book Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science, and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life remains foundational, guiding architects and designers in incorporating nature into built environments to foster a sense of connection, health, and sustainability.

Roger S Ulrich

Roger Ulrich’s 1984 study, View Through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery, provided compelling evidence of nature's role in health care. By showing that patients recovering from surgery with views of nature had shorter hospital stays, required less pain medication, and reported better moods, Ulrich set a precedent for integrating natural elements into health care design. His research is often cited as one of the most influential studies in biophilic design, highlighting how simple changes in the environment, like adding views of nature, can have profound impacts on patient outcomes.

Margaret Burchett

Dr. Margaret Burchett, an Australian environmental scientist, made significant contributions to understanding the impact of indoor plants on air quality and human health. Her research showed that indoor plants could remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as benzene and formaldehyde, from the air, thus improving air quality in enclosed spaces. Additionally, Burchett’s studies demonstrated that plants have psychological benefits, such as reducing stress and improving mood, making her work foundational in promoting greenery in office and residential settings.

Judith Heerwagen

Judith Heerwagen is an environmental psychologist renowned for her research on the interplay between building design and human well-being. Her work has significantly advanced the field of biophilic design, emphasizing the importance of integrating natural elements into built environments to enhance occupant health and productivity.

Heerwagen's research delves into how natural light, indoor plants, and views of nature can reduce stress, improve mood, and boost cognitive function. She co-authored the influential book Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science, and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life, which serves as a comprehensive guide for architects and designers aiming to create spaces that foster a connection with nature.

Her contributions have been instrumental in shaping modern approaches to sustainable and health-promoting architecture, making her a pivotal figure in the biophilic design movement.

Craig Knight

Dr. Craig Knight’s research focuses on the psychological impact of office environments on employees. Through his Empowerment Theory, he discovered that allowing employees to personalize their workspaces can improve well-being and productivity. His studies show that including natural elements, like plants, can significantly enhance the workplace experience, making his work highly relevant to biophilic design strategies aimed at creating supportive, engaging, and empowering work environments.

Amanda Sturgeon

Amanda Sturgeon, an architect and former CEO of the International Living Future Institute, is a prominent advocate for regenerative design and biophilia. Her book Creating Biophilic Buildings discusses the ways biophilic principles can be implemented to create healthier, more inspiring buildings. Sturgeon has been instrumental in promoting the Living Building Challenge, a certification program that encourages sustainable, biophilic, and regenerative architecture. She believes biophilic design goes beyond mere aesthetics, aiming to restore the relationship between people and the natural environment.

Oliver Heath

Oliver Heath, an architect and designer, is known for his practical applications of biophilic design in residential and commercial spaces. Heath’s focus has been on improving human well-being through design that incorporates natural materials, greenery, and organic patterns. He has worked extensively to bring biophilic principles to mainstream audiences, and his designs often emphasize sustainable materials, daylight, and plants to foster a connection to nature. Heath’s work champions biophilic design as a holistic approach that enhances wellness, productivity, and environmental awareness.

Kate E. Lee

Dr. Kate E. Lee is a researcher focusing on the cognitive benefits of nature exposure. Her studies often explore how short interactions with natural environments can enhance attention, reduce stress, and improve overall cognitive function. Lee’s work provides a scientific basis for incorporating nature into urban and workplace environments, adding further evidence that even brief moments spent in nature can positively influence mental clarity and productivity.

Bill Browning

Bill Browning is a distinguished figure in sustainable design and biophilic architecture, renowned for his innovative approaches to integrating nature into the built environment. He co-founded Terrapin Bright Green in 2006. His work focuses on integrating natural elements into built environments to enhance human well-being and environmental performance. Browning's projects include consulting for Disney, Google, and the White House, emphasizing the importance of nature in design. He has co-authored influential publications like "14 Patterns of Biophilic Design," providing frameworks for incorporating nature into architecture. His contributions have been recognized with awards such as the U.S. Green Building Council's Leadership Award, underscoring his impact on sustainable design practices.